Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States

Part I. The Emergence of Democracy in Bands and Tribes.- Chapter 1. Civilizations Peculiarities and Ideal Typicalities.- Chapter 3. Social Structure and Conflict Groups.- Chapter 4. Legitimation Process.- Chapter 5. Economy and Polity.- Chapter 6. Warfare and Religion.- Chapter 7. Chapter 7. Civilizational Peculiarities vs. Ideal Typicalities.- Chapter 8. Social Structure and Conflict Groups.- Chapter 9. The Political Institutions of Tribal societies: Kinship Democracy.- Chapter 10. Horticulture, Matri-Clans, and the Rise of the Status and Power of Women.- Chapter 11. Warfare and Politics.- Chapter 12. The Confederacy of Tribes: Representative Democracy Extended.- Chapter 13. Tribal Games.- Chapter 14. Religion and Politics in Tribal Society.- Chapter 15. Legitimation Processes in Tribal Society.- Chapter 16. Economy and Polity.- Chapter 17. Conclusions on Band and Tribal Societies.- Chapter 18. Civilization Peculiarities vs. Ideal Typicalities.- Chapter 19. Social Structure and Conflict Groups.- Chapter 20. Religion and Politics.- Chapter 21. Women and Politics in Horticultural Societies.- Chapter 22. Warfare in Horticultural Village Societies.- Chapter 23. Political Institutions: Theocratic Despotism.- Chapter 24. Legitimation Processes.- Chapter 25. Civilizational Peculiarities vs. Ideal Typicalities.- Chapter 26. Herding Tribes, Patri-Clans, and the Ride of the Military Kingship.- Chapter 27. Social Structure and Conflict Groups.- Chapter 28. Warfare, Women, Religion and Politics.- Chapter 29. The Political Institutions of Herding Society: Despotic Military Kingship.- Chapter 30. Military Kingship and State Violence.- Chapter 31. The Legitimacy Processes of Herding Societies.- Chapter 32. Economy and Polity.- Chapter 33. Some Impediments to Democracy in Horticultural and Herding Societies.- Chapter 34. Conclusions: The Paradox of Tribes.- Chapter 35. Introduction to the Middle Eastern Grain, Agricultural, and Animal Herding Societies.- Chapter 36. Democracy in the Sumerian City-States: The Assembly, the Elders, and the King.- Chapter 37. Projections of the Tribal Assembly in the World of the Sumerian Myths.- Chapter 38. The Status and Role of women in Ancient Sumer.- Chapter 39. The Temple Economy overseen by Priests and Priestesses.- Chapter 40. The Rise of the Kingship-Expansionary, Genocidal Warfare.- Chapter 41. From the Theocratic State to the Kingly-Bureaucratic State.- Chapter 42. The Reform Movements, the Ethic of Social Justice, and the Great Law Codes.- Chapter 43. The Pastoral Tribal Invasions and the Partial De-legitimation of the Kingship.- Chapter 44. The Expansion of the Merchant-Artisan Trading Sector of the Economy with the revival of Tribal Democracy and the Rise of Merchant Oligarchy.-Chapter 45. The Early Agricultural City-States of Canaan, Lebanon, and Syria.- Chapter 46. Ugarit-A Great Coastal Trading City.- Chapter 47. West Semitic Myths: The Ras Shamra Texts of Ugarit.- Chapter 48. Ebla-A Great Caravan City.- Chapter 49. The Political Structure of the Canaanite City-States: Monarchy and Merchant Oligarchy.- Chapter 50. From Canaanites to Phoenicians: A Tumultuous History of Conquest,Resistance, and Change.- Chapter 51. The Political Institutions of the Phoenician City-States: Merchant Oligarchy with Remnants of Democracy in the Assembly of All the Citizens.- Chapter 52. The Political Institutions of Carthage: A Perfect Example of Aristotle's Mixed Polity (with elements of Monarchy, Oligarchy, and Democracy).- Chapter 53. Religion and Women in Phoenician Society: The Fertility Cult, Death and Resurrection, the High Priestesses, and the High Status of Women.- Chapter 54. The Pastoral Origins of the Jews.- Chapter 55. Egyptian History and the Hebrews.- Chapter 56. Egypt after the Hyksos Expulsion.- Chapter 57. The Supreme Deity in the New Egyptian Theology.- Chapter 58. The Hebrews in the Nile Delta.- Chapter 59. From Joseph to Moses: Biblical Myth and History.- Chapter 60. The Israelite Tribal confederation Enters Canaan.- Chapter 61. Rise of the Israelite King.- Chapter 62. The Prophets Reassert the. Religion of Moses.- Chapter 63. The Babylonian Exile.- Chapter 64. The Return from Exile: Theoracy Established.- Chapter 65. Monotheism and the Jews.- Chapter 66. The Status of Women under Monotheism.- Part III. Greece.- Chapter 67. Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations.- Chapter 68. The Expansion of Mycenaean Civilization.- Chapter 69. The Doric Invasions and the Regression to Tribalism.- Chapter 70. Doric Tribalism and the Culture of Greece.- Chapter 71. Doric Religion.- Chapter 72. The Olympic Games: Doric Tribal Culture engenders a Pan-Hellenic Cultural Complex.- Chapter 73. From Aristocratic Champions to the Phalanx of the Common Men.- Chapter 74. The Cavalry Aristocrats: "Hippeis" and Their Declining Role.- Chapter 75. Sparta.- Chapter 76. The Spartan Women: Economic Control, Sexual Liberation, Olympic-Style Athletics.- Chapter 77. Some Notes on the Democratization of Argos and Crete.- Chapter 78. The Political Paradox in the Transition from the Tribe to the City-State in Greece.- Chapter 79. The Revival of Trade in the Aegean Region.- Chapter 80. Trade and the Changing Class Structure of Greece.- Chapter 81. The Rise of the Greek Trading Cities.- Chapter 82. The Transition from Tribal to City-State Political Organization in Greece.- Chapter 83. The Rise of Democracy in Syracuse.- Chapter 84. Class Conflicts in the City-States During the Era of Expansionary Trade.- Chapter 85. Conclusions on the Causes of Democracy in Greece.- Chapter 86. The Ideology of Equality and Democracy.- Chapter 87. The Rise of Legal-Authority.- Chapter 88. The Ionians of Asia Minor make Contact with the Civilizations of the Middle East and Egypt, and the Tribes of the Black Sea Region.- Chapter 89. The Decline of Greek Religion After Homer and Hesiod.- Chapter 90. The Rise of the Rational-Scientific World View.- Chapter 91. The Rise of the Social Sciences.-Chapter 92. Doric Women.- Chapter 93. Ionian Woman.- Chapter 94. The Women Philosophers, Scientists, Doctors, and Mathematicians of the Greek World.- Chapter 95. Women and Religion.- Part IV. The Norse Tribes: From Tribal Democracy and Aristocracy to City-State Democracy and the Kingly-Bureaucratic State.- Chapter 96. Comparison between the German Tribes and the Celtic Tribes.- Chapter 97. The Germanoi or Norse Tribes.- Chapter 98: The Economy of the Norse Tribes: Herding and Agriculture.- Chapter 99. The Religion of the Norse Tribes: No Official Priesthood.- Chapter 100. Marriage, Clans, and Clan Retribution.- Chapter 101. Language and Runes.- Chapter 102. Debt Slavery and War Captives.- Chapter 103. Civilizational Influences.- Chapter 104. Feasts, Celebrations, and Guest Friendships.- Chapter 105. Norse Tribal Assemblies. Courts, and the Rise of the Monarchies.- Chapter 106. The Political Structure of the Norse Tribes: The Assembly of Warriors with Aristocratic Domination.- Chapter 107. A Closer Look at the Norse Assemblies.- Chapter 108. War Chiefs and the Military Aristocrats.- Chapter 109. Iceland: Nobles and Free Men Flee the Norwegian Kingship and Re?establish Tribal Democracy (with Aristocratic Domination').- Chapter 110. The Anglo-Saxon-Jute Tribal Confederation and its Moot and Folkmoot.- Chapter 111. The Court Councils of the Centralizing Monarchies.- Chapter 112. Creation of the World and the Gods.- Chapter 113. The Class Structure of the Norse Tribes as Shown in "The Song of RY''.- Chapter 114. Women in the Myths and Sagas.- Chapter 115. Games and Individual Competitions.- Chapter 116. Magic and Runes.- Chapter 117. The Volsung Saga.- Chapter 118. Beowulf.- Chapter 119. The Icelandic Sagas.- Chapter 120. The Netherlands.- Chapter 121. The Norse Tribes in the High Mountains Valleys of Switzerland.- Chapter 122. The Celtic Gauls and the Romans.- Chapter 123. The Invasion of the Norse Tribes.- Chapter 124. The Importance of City-States in the Evolution of Democratic Political Processes.- Chapter 125. The Transitions from Tribal Democracy to City-State Democracy in Italy.- Chapter 126. The Germanic City-States.- Chapter 127. The Cities of the Low Countries.- Chapter 128. The Trade- Capitalist city-states of Switzerland.- Chapter 129. The German Trade - Capitalist City- States.- Chapter 130. German Kings against the Pope and the Italian- dominated Church.- Chapter 131. A Weber-Marx Synthesis: Trade-Capitalist city-states and the Reformation.- Chapter 132. The Centralizing Monarchies Become Dependent on Money from the City-States.- Chapter 133. The Swiss Confederation.- Chapter 134. The Parliament in the Netherlands: The States General.- Chapter 135. The Romanized Celtic Colony of Britain.- Chapter 136. The Invasion of Romanized Britain by the Anglo-Saxon-Jute Confederation.- Chapter 137. The Second Danish Invasion and the Norman Invasion: King Canute and William the Conqueror.- Chapter 138. The Commercial Trade-Capitalist Economy in Britain: the Rise of the Merchant Gentry.- Chapter 139. The Rise of the English Parliament.- Chapter 140. The Reformation in England and Scotland: Before Luther and Calvin.- Chapter 141. The Beginnings of the English Civil War.- Chapter 142. The English Revolution-"Civil War"-"Puritan Revolt".- Chapter 143. With Monarchy and Feudalism defeated, the Struggle between the Rich, the Poor, and the Middle Classes Takes Center Stage.- Chapter 144. Rational Legal Authority in England.- Chapter 145. The Rise of the Rational-Scientific worldview in Britain.- Chapter 146. The United States: The English Revolution Continues.- Chapter 147. France: The Stalemate of Classes: Anarchic and Anomic Violence.- Chapter 148. Germany: Feudalism. Kingship and the Warrior Cynosure remain Culturally Dominant.- Chapter 149. Spain: The Conquest of the Moslems and the New World Empires Enriches the Monarchy and Weakens the Commercial classes.- Chapter 150. Conclusions on the Rise of Commercial Capitalism. Parliamentary Democracy and the Decline of Feudalism.- Chapter 151. From Trade-Capitalism to Industrial Capitalism.- Chapter 152. The Class Structure of Industrial Capitalism.- Chapter 153. Women's Gender Roles: From Horticulture to Modern Technocratic "White Collar" Work.- Epilogue.

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• Estudos cultirais
• Teoria e ciência política
• Antropologia

Absolute Monarchy with Kingly Dominance;Biological Evolution vs. Human History;Campfire Democracy with Informal Leadership Roles;City-State Democracy in the Acient Middle East;Commercial City-States of Hanseatic Germany;Commercial City-States of Renaissance Italy;Commercial City-States of The Netherlands;Constitutional Monarchy with Parliamentary Dominance;Democracy and Despotism in Mesopotamia;Military Formation in Greek Tribal Society;Origins of Human Political Institutions;Science and Rational Secular Law in Greece;The Babylonian Exile and Theocracy in Israel;The Politics of Tribal Societies;Tribal Democracy of Band Societies;Tribal Democracy of Norse Tribes in Post-Roman Europe;Women's Movement in the Golden Age